Harvard mcat score range - MCAT Raw Score . The MCAT is a scaled exam, meaning that your raw score (based on the number of questions you got right) is converted into a scaled score that takes into account the difficulty of the questions. MCAT Score Range . Each MCAT section is scored on a scale of 118–132 (highest). Your MCAT total score (whch is the sum of your ...

 
The average MCAT score of Ivy League medical school matriculants is commonly in the 98th percentile. So for applications to colleges such as Harvard, Yale or Brown – a good MCAT score would be 520 or more. With a firm understanding of MCAT score percentiles and the results you need, your medical journey will be off to the best possible start.. 911 log montgomery county tn

Have a friend that got a 521 that goes to Harvard and a friend that got a 518 and goes to case western. Had a few homies in college that got a 508 and 503 and go to TCU now. Im kinda very confused by the application cycle lol. Also, congrats on the score! love hearing about other 519s out thereThe table below displays MCAT scores and GPAs for applicants and matriculants from 2018-2019 through 2023-2024 by mean and standard deviation (SD). Please email [email protected] if you need further assistance or have additional inquiries.Don’t worry though, because among the total accepted students the total GPA can actually range from 3.74 to 4.0 with an MCAT score from 513 to 525. Breaking down the MCAT into its four sections, the Harvard Medical School class of 2022 had an average score of 130.10 in the Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems section, 128. ...The score range of each of the 4 sections is 118 to 132. The MCAT score report mentions the total score, section-wise scores, confidence band, percentile rank for each section, and overall percentile rank. The MCAT scores are required as a part of the admissions process for most medical schools in the United States and Canada.Section scores are scaled from 118-132, totaling an overall MCAT score between 472-528. A “good” score depends heavily on the medical school (s) you’ve chosen to apply to and on other factors that will appear on your primary application. In the 2023/24 application cycle, the average MCAT scores were: All test-takers: 501.3.MCAT Scores and GPAs for Matriculants to U.S. Medical Schools by State of Legal Residence, 2023-2024: PDF: Excel: A-21: MCAT Scores and GPAs for Applicants to U.S. Medical Schools by Gender, 2018-2019 through 2023-2024: PDF: Excel: A-22: MCAT Scores and GPAs for Matriculants to U.S. Medical Schools by Gender, 2018-2019 …The average MCAT Score of enrolled students at Harvard Medical School is 521 - the average MCAT score of U.S. medical schools is 512. The average GPA of enrolled …A 524 MCAT score, for instance, puts you in the 100th percentile, meaning you’ve outperformed effectively all test-takers. Here are some key percentile benchmarks based on your score: 472-475: <1 percentile. 480-485: 3-8 …The overall median MCAT score for incoming students at these schools was 518, U.S. News data shows. ... known as the MCAT. Total scores range from a 472 to 528. ... Harvard Medical School: 520 ...Feb 20, 2024 · Based on the data as well as our experience with countless students we've helped get into medical school, the average MCAT Score required for most medical schools is at least 508-513 (25th percentile). However, depending on the school this can vary quite a bit. That’s why we've created a full table of the average MCAT score and GPA of ... Dec 22, 2023 · 528 is the highest possible MCAT score, which corresponds to the 100th percentile. Anything above a 524 is also a 100th percentile score, and a 522 or 523 is a 99th percentile score. Alright, that’s enough about the MCAT’s scoring details. Let’s move on to the two questions you’re here to have answered: The total score ranges from 472 to 528. The midpoint is 500. The Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) is required for all AMCAS applicants. Scores from tests taken within the three-year period prior to matriculation are acceptable. For example, applicants to the 2024 first-year entering class must present MCAT scores dated from January 1, 2021 onward. We encourage you to take the MCAT exam as early as ... We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.The total MCAT score range is between 472 to 528, with the mean and median at 502. Why such odd numbers? According to the AAMC, this scale emphasizes the importance of the central portion of the score …The old MCAT exam section mean score percentiles ranged from 84 to 88 (mean composite score percentile of 83). The pattern of correlations among and between new and old MCAT exam section scores (range of r: 0.03–0.67; P < .01) provided evidence of both divergent and convergent validities. Backward multiple regression of new MCAT exam section ...The average MCAT score for all applicants is currently between a 506 and 507. The average MCAT score for matriculants (those who've been accepted and have registered …The old MCAT exam section mean score percentiles ranged from 84 to 88 (mean composite score percentile of 83). The pattern of correlations among and between new and old MCAT exam section scores (range of r: 0.03–0.67; P < .01) provided evidence of both divergent and convergent validities. Backward multiple regression of new MCAT exam …Are you in search of an affordable room to rent? Look no further than Craigslist. With its wide range of listings, Craigslist is a popular platform for finding rooms for rent. Howe...Our authors produce all types of papers for all degree levels. Business and Finance. 100% Success rate. Mcat Score Range For Essay. Making a thesis is a stressful process. Do yourself a favor and save your worries for later. We are here to help you write a brilliant thesis by the provided requirements and deadline needed. It is safe and simple.The overall median MCAT score for incoming students at these schools was 518, U.S. News data shows. ... known as the MCAT. Total scores range from a 472 to 528. ... Harvard Medical School: 520 ...The GPA range for the 2021 entering class was 3.5-4.0 and the MCAT range was 74th-100th percentile. MCAT Vanderbilt University School of Medicine requires the final MCAT score to be officially received from the AAMC before the candidate's file will be reviewed for secondary application consideration.When it comes to loyalty programs, Nectar is one of the most popular choices among consumers. With its wide range of partners and numerous ways to earn and redeem points, it’s no w...The online sale season is an exciting time for shoppers, and if you’re a fan of 21 Forever, you’re in for a treat. With a wide range of trendy and affordable clothing options, this...The median MCAT scores at top programs such at Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and Stanford are understandably very high. ... If your MCAT score is in the lower 500s, DO schools might be a good option for you. Caribbean medical schools, which are medical programs in the Caribbean, tend to be less selective than schools in the United States. If …If you’re someone who loves a good deal, then Home Bargains is the store for you. With its wide range of products at affordable prices, it’s no wonder that Home Bargains has become...Well, if you can get your MCAT to the 514-517 score range, then the odds of getting accepted goes up to 41.7%, even with a 3.0 to 3.10 GPA. (Interestingly, if you’re over 517 with that same GPA, it’s only 36%.) ... No matter what your MCAT score, once you drop below 3.0 GPA, the acceptance rate just drops off a cliff. Click To TweetYarra Trail Clothing Factory Outlet is a haven for fashion enthusiasts looking to score big discounts on their favorite brands. Located in the heart of Melbourne, this outlet offer... Your MCAT total score will be in the range of 472-528 with an average score of 500. Each of the four MCAT sections is scored between 118-132 with an average score of 125. Applicants accepted to allopathic (MD-granting) medical schools for the 2022-2023 year had an average MCAT score of 511.9. Kuwait Airways is a popular choice for travelers looking to explore the Middle East and beyond. With its excellent service and wide range of destinations, it’s no wonder that many ...The average MCAT Score of enrolled students at Harvard Medical School is 521 - the average MCAT score of U.S. medical schools is 512. The average GPA of enrolled students at Harvard Medical School is 3.9 - the average GPA score of U.S. medical schools is 3.77. The 2024 tuition & fees at Harvard Medical School is $71,305 - the average medical ...A good score on Test 473, the exam for entry-level jobs at the U.S. Postal Service, is at the upper end of the passing range between 70 and 100. Veterans or family members meeting ...While I am pretty confident about my application package, the MCAT is stressing me out. I am currently scoring in the 515-520 range, but I have really big ambitions when it comes to my school list (see below). ... Hopefully you can get into Harvard. Obviously a 520 + MCAT score would be preferable, and would probably seal the deal at acceptance ...MCAT scores expire for many schools after three years, so an MCAT from summer 2022 will be good to apply through fall 2025 matriculation. If you find an amazing two-year post-grad opportunity, like a Rhodes Fellowship or a research position, you would have to retake the test. ... And if your score isn’t in the range of your schools of ...Percentage and Number of Students Entering Medical School in 2017, 2018, and 2019 With Scores From the Current MCAT Exam Who Passed the Step 2 CK Exam on the First Attempt, by MCAT Total Score and Undergraduate GPA Range 472-485 486-489 490-493 494-497 498-501 502-505 506-509 510-513 514-517 518-528 AllIn the fast-paced world of sports, staying up-to-date with the latest scores is essential for fans and enthusiasts alike. Tennis enthusiasts can rejoice as live scoring options for...Don’t worry though, because among the total accepted students the total GPA can actually range from 3.74 to 4.0 with an MCAT score from 513 to 525. Breaking down the MCAT into its four sections, the Harvard Medical School class of 2022 had an average score of 130.10 in the Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living …The table below displays MCAT scores and GPAs for applicants and matriculants from 2018-2019 through 2023-2024 by mean and standard deviation (SD). Please email [email protected] if you need further assistance or have additional inquiries.The MCAT score ranges from 472-528. The average MCAT score is 501.3. Percentile rankings are based on MCAT results from the 2020, 2021, and 2022 testing years combined. The AAMC will use these scores to calculate percentile rankings through April 30, 2024, until the next update on May 1 of the following year. [1]Average GPA for Medical School. The most recent data shows that the average GPA for medical school matriculants in the United States in 2022-2023 were as follows: Overall GPA: 3.77. BCPM (biology, chemistry, physics, and math) GPA: 3.71. Non Science GPA: 3.85.Kuwait Airways is a popular choice for travelers looking to explore the Middle East and beyond. With its excellent service and wide range of destinations, it’s no wonder that many ...For example, top-tier schools like Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and Stanford typically have higher average MCAT scores for accepted students (around 517-520). On the other hand, lower-ranked schools might have average MCAT scores in …The average MCAT scores required for the top university’s master’s programs range between 515 to 528. For example, for getting admission to Harvard University’s MS programs in Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, and Health Informatics, MCAT scores are needed in place of the general GRE.Harvard MCAT Scores: Harvard, along with a handful of other schools, boasts some of the highest average MCAT scores in the country. According to their website, the average Harvard Medical School student has a combined MCAT score of 36.16. If we convert this to the new scoring system, it is roughly a 518. There is no official cutoff for MCAT ...Average MCAT score: 520.59. Before you throw your hands up in defeat, consider that while Harvard’s average stats are quite high, not everyone getting in has a 3.9 GPA and 520 MCAT score. Given that …The MCAT score ranges from 472-528. The average MCAT score is 501.3. Percentile rankings are based on MCAT results from the 2020, 2021, and 2022 testing years combined. The AAMC will use these scores to calculate percentile rankings through April 30, 2024, until the next update on May 1 of the following year. [1]The MCAT is also a considerably longer exam – 6 hours and 15 minutes (excluding break times) compared to just 2 hours for the UCAT – which inevitably results in additional demands on candidates. For both the MCAT and the UCAT, being aware of the requirements of the exam and preparing well, will support you to deal with the demands …DAT Scores for US Dental Schools: Average DAT scores, GPA and percentile ranks in the US and Canada ranging from high to low. Email: [email protected]; Phone: 1-866-333-3138 ... 19/30; the average AA for admissions is usually 18-21 depending on the dental school; the AA for admissions to Harvard is around 23-24; the 100th percentile is usually ...508-510 are all fine, and if you don’t get accepted with a score in that range, it’s not because of your MCAT score. Anything that’s 510 and above will help you. ... Unless you really want to get into Harvard or Washington University or one of these schools that have hilariously high MCAT averages, then a 520 wouldn’t really make a ...Full-time tuition is $61,600. 70% of students receive Financial Aid with an average annual scholarship of $50,245. The average graduating debt in 2019 at Harvard Medical School was $111,823, far below the national averages of $175,607 for public medical schools and $184,892 for private medical schools.The #1 social media platform for MCAT advice. The MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) is offered by the AAMC and is a required exam for admission to medical schools in the USA and Canada. /r/MCAT is a place for MCAT practice, questions, discussion, advice, social networking, news, study tips and more. ... I feel that part of the test is one ...The MCAT scale is centered so that a 500 represents the mean score. AAMC recommends that med school admission committees consider applicants near the center of ...MCAT Scores Designed to assess problem-solving and critical thinking skills, the MCAT exam is required by almost all U.S. medical schools. Med schools often filter out applicants who don’t meet certain MCAT and GPA requirements, so be sure to study and take regular practice exams beforehand. Personal StatementThe number correct score for each section is converted to a scaled score ranging from 118 (lowest) to 132 (highest). For example, if your number correct score on one of the sections is between 35 and 37, your converted score might be 123. Number correct scores ranging from 46 to 48 might have a converted score of 128, and so forth.Harvard MCAT Scores: Harvard, along with a handful of other schools, boasts some of the highest average MCAT scores in the country. According to their website, the average Harvard Medical School student has a combined MCAT score of 36.16. If we convert this to the new scoring system, it is roughly a 518. There is no official cutoff for MCAT ... Admission to Harvard Medical School is very selective. We seek students of integrity and maturity who have concern for others, leadership potential, and an aptitude for working with people. The Committee on Admissions evaluates applications based on several factors, including the following: Academic records Applicant essay(s) MCAT scores Theo Bennett scored a perfect score (528) on the MCAT and has been accepted at Harvard, UPenn, Columbia, UCLA, and other top 10 medical schools across the country. You can learn more and sign up to work with him one-on-one here. For more MCAT Tips: Sign up for our affordable elite MCAT tutoring. Sign up for our FREE MCAT Prep Course. Follow us on:The #1 social media platform for MCAT advice. The MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) is offered by the AAMC and is a required exam for admission to medical schools in the USA and Canada. /r/MCAT is a place for MCAT practice, questions, discussion, advice, social networking, news, study tips and more.MCAT scores with any section below 125 or a composite score below 505; Science and overall GPAs below 3.30; Students who experienced personal challenges during their undergraduate career, which impacted GPA negatively; Special Master’s ProgramsTable from AAMC, 2016. Is a Top 10% MCAT Score Enough? A 90 th percentile MCAT score is well within the range of the scores for matriculants of most medical schools. However, it’s actually below the average of some of the top schools, including Harvard, Stanford, Johns Hopkins, and UC San Francisco.This does not mean that a 90 th …Mcat Essay Score Range - Communications and Media. Total orders: 7428. ID 28506. 10 Customer reviews. Total orders: 7428. 8 Customer reviews. ... Palm Kernel Oil Production Business Plan Pdf, Harvard Case Study Yelp, How To Write Client Side Table In Php, I Have Nothing To Wrtite On A College Essay, Essay Owl Hindi ...A 511 MCAT score may already be suitable for some medical schools in Canada. For some, however, it may not be enough. It depends on the medical school you are applying to. Remember, aside from your MCAT score, the admissions committee also considers your GPA, extracurricular activities, personal statement, and other requirements. Even if your ...The old MCAT exam section mean score percentiles ranged from 84 to 88 (mean composite score percentile of 83). The pattern of correlations among and between new and old MCAT exam section scores (range of r: 0.03–0.67; P < .01) provided evidence of both divergent and convergent validities. Backward multiple regression of new MCAT exam section ...You may submit your AMCAS application before or after the release of your MCAT scores. MCAT Exams Taken Before 2003: If you wish to release MCAT scores earned between 1991 and 2003, you do so by selecting the Print Score Report option in the MCAT Score Reporting System. You may then mail or email the report to the institutions that should ...Mar 12, 2024 · Each of the four section scores will range from 118 to 132, and your total score will be the sum of your four subsection scores, ranging from 472 to 528. Kaplan Test Prep suggests that a good MCAT score is around 511 or higher, with no section score below 127. Along with your score, you will also receive a percentile. MCAT Raw Score . The MCAT is a scaled exam, meaning that your raw score (based on the number of questions you got right) is converted into a scaled score that takes into account the difficulty of the questions. MCAT Score Range . Each MCAT section is scored on a scale of 118–132 (highest). Your MCAT total score (whch is the sum of your ...The total MCAT score ranges from 472 to 528, which is the sum of the scores from the four sections. Ques: How long are MCAT scores valid? Ans: MCAT scores are valid for three years. For example, if candidates take the exam in 2021, the scores will be valid for medical school applications until 2024.If you’re looking to save money on home goods, furniture, and other household essentials, Big Lots is a great place to start. The discount retailer offers a wide range of products ...Well, the average MCAT score of accepted individuals is 520, with applicants scoring between 129-130 in each section. The average GPA of accepted individuals is 3.94. This is tough to achieve, but not impossible. It's true that in some cases you can still get into medical school with a low GPA, but Harvard is an exception to this rule.While I am pretty confident about my application package, the MCAT is stressing me out. I am currently scoring in the 515-520 range, but I have really big ambitions when it comes to my school list (see below). ... Hopefully you can get into Harvard. Obviously a 520 + MCAT score would be preferable, and would probably seal the deal at acceptance ...Feb 18, 2016 · Harvard MCAT Scores: Harvard, along with a handful of other schools, boasts some of the highest average MCAT scores in the country. According to their website, the average Harvard Medical School student has a combined MCAT score of 36.16. If we convert this to the new scoring system, it is roughly a 518. There is no official cutoff for MCAT ... Exam. Percentile ranks show the percentages of test takers who received the same scores or lower scores on the exam. Every year on May 1, the percentile ranks are updated using data from the most recent three years. These annual updates will ensure that the percentile ranks reflect current and stable information about your students' scores.For example, 79 percent of MCAT Total scores were equal to or less than 30 across all exams administered from January 2012 to September 2014. 1Prior versions of these tables (pre‐2012), as well as current score reporting systems maintained by AMCAS report the "Percentile Rank Range" in these columns rather than a single percentile rank.Our Committee on Admissions evaluates applications based on a variety of criteria that range from students ’ academic records and MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) scores to their extracurricular activities, research, and community-service experiences in the field of health care.Learn More. 1. Start Early. Plan to begin studying 4-6 months in advance of your scheduled MCAT exam date. It’s possible to study in less time (3 months is usually the minimum requirement), but you may need to sacrifice other commitments and rest …Yarra Trail Clothing Factory Outlet is a haven for fashion enthusiasts looking to score big discounts on their favorite brands. Located in the heart of Melbourne, this outlet offer...Nov 7, 2023 · The average MCAT score of Ivy League medical school matriculants is commonly in the 98th percentile. So for applications to colleges such as Harvard, Yale or Brown – a good MCAT score would be 520 or more. With a firm understanding of MCAT score percentiles and the results you need, your medical journey will be off to the best possible start. For example, 79 percent of MCAT Total scores were equal to or less than 30 across all exams administered from January 2012 to September 2014. 1Prior versions of these tables (pre‐2012), as well as current score reporting systems maintained by AMCAS report the "Percentile Rank Range" in these columns rather than a single percentile rank.Understanding Your LSAT Scores. The LSAT scores range from 120-180, with 120 being the lowest possible score. ... Harvard Law School 174 99%: Yale Law School 175 99%: Columbia Law School 173 98%: Stanford Law School ... Request a consultation with an MCAT Advisor, or call 888-530-6398 for immediate assistance. Close Back to MCAT …The section scores are totaled up for a total MCAT score range of 472 to 528. I’ve spent more than 10,000 hours teaching and tutoring students to excel at the MCAT, so this is a conversation I’ve had with countless students before. So, let’s define MCAT scoring in more detail. ... Harvard Medical School: 521;Exam. Percentile ranks show the percentages of test takers who received the same scores or lower scores on the exam. Every year on May 1, the percentile ranks are updated using data from the most recent three years. These annual updates will ensure that the percentile ranks reflect current and stable information about your students' scores.Each MCAT section is scored on a scale ranging from 118 to 132, with the median score being 125. The scores from all four sections are then added together to give a total score ranging from 472 to 528. The cumulative MCAT score provides a comprehensive representation of an individual’s performance across all areas of the exam.Dec 22, 2023 · 528 is the highest possible MCAT score, which corresponds to the 100th percentile. Anything above a 524 is also a 100th percentile score, and a 522 or 523 is a 99th percentile score. Alright, that’s enough about the MCAT’s scoring details. Let’s move on to the two questions you’re here to have answered: They always applied to T10 schools, and none of them gave a shit. Harvard's average MCAT score is 519. You aren't much better than a 520 score just because you ...The MCAT score ranges from 472-528. The average MCAT score is 501.3. Percentile rankings are based on MCAT results from the 2020, 2021, and 2022 testing …The GPA range for the 2021 entering class was 3.5-4.0 and the MCAT range was 74th-100th percentile. MCAT Vanderbilt University School of Medicine requires the final MCAT score to be officially received from the AAMC before the candidate's file will be reviewed for secondary application consideration.MCAT Score: You must take the MCAT to apply to Duke: Letters of Recommendation: You must submit at least four recommendation letters: Completed AMCAS Application: ... The average GPA range of admitted students is approximately 3.8 to 3.98! While these high ranges were the average GPAs, there were students admitted …517.6 (range 503 - 526) Average GPA Score of Matriculants: 3.83 (range 3.2 - 4.0) Average Gender Identity split of Matriculants: 52.17% Male/45.65% Female/2.17% Other: Average % URMs per year: ... MCAT & GPA Distribution of Applicants . Outer lines/tails indicate max & min scores of group, colored boxes (light blue, dark blue, grey) indicate ...

Our authors produce all types of papers for all degree levels. Business and Finance. 100% Success rate. Mcat Score Range For Essay. Making a thesis is a stressful process. Do yourself a favor and save your worries for later. We are here to help you write a brilliant thesis by the provided requirements and deadline needed. It is safe and simple.. Paladin d2r fcr breakpoints

harvard mcat score range

Admissions Data (2019-2023) Average Applications per Year: 682: Average Interviews per Year: 84: Average Number of Funded Matriculants per Year: 14: Average MCAT ScoreYale Medical School Average MCAT Score: 518 ... Average Yale Medical School USMLE Step 2 Score: 248; Source: U.S. News Graduate School Rankings 2021. Your medical school application Coaches, Mentors, & Cheerleaders. We Personally Advise Every Student We Work With ... Harvard, Emergency Medicine. Awards & Scholarships Fulbright …Oct 24, 2017 ... Instead of solely relying on test scores and a grade point average ... Do standardized metrics such as college GPA and MCAT score ... © 2024 Harvard ...What is a good MCAT score? Get the most up-to-date info about MCAT scores and percentile ranks to see where you stand and how Blueprint can help you improve. ... Median MCAT Score: Acceptance Rate: Harvard University: MA: 3.95: 520: 3.2%: Johns Hopkins University: MD: 3.96: 521: 6.3%: Stanford University: CA: 3.89: 518: 1.4%: University of ...Percentage and Number of Students Entering Medical School in 2017, 2018, and 2019 With Scores From the Current MCAT Exam Who Passed the Step 2 CK Exam on the First Attempt, by MCAT Total Score and Undergraduate GPA Range 472-485 486-489 490-493 494-497 498-501 502-505 506-509 510-513 514-517 518-528 AllTwo years of chemistry (four courses) including inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry are required. One year is required. HST- One year of physics must be taken at the college level. Candidates are strongly encouraged to meet this prerequisite with at least one year in calculus-based physics*.The average SAT score composite at Harvard is a 1520. Harvard SAT Score Analysis. The 25th percentile New SAT score is 1460, and the 75th percentile SAT score is 1580. In other words, a 1460 places you below average, while a 1580 will move you up to above average. There's no absolute SAT requirement at Harvard, but they really want to see at ...Average MCAT score: 520.59. Before you throw your hands up in defeat, consider that while Harvard’s average stats are quite high, not everyone getting in has a 3.9 GPA and 520 MCAT score. Given that …The MCAT scores are scaled and equated so scores have the same meaning no matter when you take the test. The MCAT is NOT graded on a curve! Each of the MCAT sections have a scaled score range from 118-132. Your total MCAT is scored on a range from 472-528. The closer your score is to 528, the more competitive.The test consists of multiple-choice questions and takes approximately seven and a half hours to administer. It includes four sections that cover: The application cycle opens each year in June. Ideally, you should take the MCAT exam by the time you submit your application to medical school, if not before. This way, you know your score …The total score ranges from 472 to 528. The midpoint is 500.Does Harvard accept the most recent, best score, or average of all attempts for the MCAT? Does HMS have specific eligibility restrictions? Application Questions617-612-2090. [email protected]. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health’s Admissions Office. 617-432-1031. [email protected] 23, 2024 · Best MCAT Total Score Range: 515-528. Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems: 129-132. Critical Analysis and Reading Skills: 128-132. Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems: 129-132. Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior: 130-132. .

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